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MUNICH -- Radial access was linked with lower rates of net adverse clinical events compared with femoral access in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but not with not with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at a year, researchers reported here.

At 1 year, MACE did not differ between patients who underwent radial access versus those assigned to femoral access (14.2% vs 15,7%, rate ratio 0.89, 95% CI 0.80-1.00, P=0·0526), according to Marco Valgimigli, MD, PhD, of Inselspital University Hospital in Bern, Switzerland, and colleagues.

But net adverse clinical events were fewer with radial than with femoral access (15.2% vs 17.2%, RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.78-0.97, P=0·0128), they reported at the annual meeting and simultaneously in .

In addition, the authors noted that compared with heparin, bivalirudin (Angiomax) was not associated with fewer MACE (15.8% vs 16.8%, RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.83–1.05, P=0.28) or net adverse clinical events (17% vs 18.4%, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.81–1.02, P=0.10).

"Radial access should become the default approach in acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing invasive management," the authors wrote.

B. Hadley Wilson, MD, of the Sanger Heart & Vascular Institute at Atrium Health/University of North Carolina School of Medicine in Charlotte, agreed. "This result supports what we are doing now in treating patients with acute coronary syndromes who require percutaneous invasive procedures," he told Med Page Today.

Wilson, who was not involved in the study, also said that the outcomes regarding bivalirudin also mirror current practice, with use of bivalirudin diminishing along with the reduction in femoral artery access procedures.

Wilson, a spokesperson for the American College of Cardiology, said that bivalirudin was helpful in reducing bleeding episodes with the femoral access, but improvements in technology and a move to radial access appears to be closing a window on bivalirudin use.

The MATRIX trial was a program of three nested, randomized, multicenter, open-label, superiority trials in ACS patients conducted in 78 hospitals in Europe.

Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction were simultaneously randomly assigned before coronary angiography to radial or femoral access and to bivalirudin, with or without post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) infusion or unfractionated heparin (one-step inclusion).

Between Oct. 11, 2011 and Nov. 7, 2014, 8,404 patients were randomized to receive radial (4,197 patients) or femoral (4,207 patients) access. Of the 8,404 patients, 7,213 were included in the MATRIX antithrombin type study and were randomly assigned to bivalirudin (3,610 patients; bolus of 0.75 mg/kg, followed immediately by an infusion of 1.75 mg/kg/h until completion of PCI) or heparin (3,603 patients; 70-100 units/kg in patients not receiving glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and at 50–70 units/kg in patients receiving glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors).

Follow-up was done at 30 days and at 1 year. Co-primary outcomes for MATRIX access and MATRIX antithrombin type were MACE and net adverse clinical events. MACE was defined as the composite of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, or stroke up to 30 days, while and net adverse clinical events was defined as the composite of non-coronary artery bypass graft-related major bleeding, or MACE up to 30 days.

The authors reported that the composite of urgent target vessel revascularization, stent thrombosis, or net adverse clinical events did not differ with or without post-procedure bivalirudin infusion (17.4% vs 17.4%, RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.84-1.16, P=0·90).

'These findings, which are consistent with a, should be interpreted with caution considering that our study was not powered for mortality and that statistical significance was border line at the conventional 5% for both all-cause and cardiovascular fatalities," the authors stated.

In an , Dominick Angiolillo, MD, PhD, of the University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, noted that "MATRIX access is the largest trial comparing the radial versus femoral approach and is the first to my knowledge to report 1-year outcomes. The long-term benefit for net adverse clinical events, driven by a reduction in major bleeding and cardiovascular mortality, ought to change practice so that radial access should be the default approach in invasively managed patients with acute coronary syndrome."

Angiolillo also pointed out that "MATRIX antithrombin did not show superiority of bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin with or without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor on the composite of ischemic and bleeding endpoints combined, irrespective of vascular access."

"Although it could be argued that these results still leave the controversy on the optimal antithrombotic regimen to use during percutaneous coronary intervention unresolved, the MATRIX results are among the best available data and are informative," he added. "In fact, although the trial was not powered for secondary endpoints, and thus so-called positive findings should be considered only nominally significant, the reduction in bleeding and mortality confirmed at 1 year cannot be ignored given the established link between these outcomes."

He stated that bivalirudin "remains an acceptable treatment for patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and a very reasonable option in high-bleeding-risk settings, where it might complement the benefits of radial access."