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Alzheimer's Aducanumab Prescribing Information Changes

— "We as neurologists need a strategy to advise our patients," experts say

Ƶ MedicalToday
The vial and packaging of Aduhelm (aducanumab) for injection with blurred prescribing information in the background.

Just a month after it gave the new Alzheimer's drug aducanumab (Aduhelm) the green light, the FDA decided to change the label.

The agency approved an narrowing who should receive the drug, stating that aducanumab should be initiated in Alzheimer's patients with "mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia stage of disease, the population in which treatment was initiated in clinical trials," drug maker Thursday.

"There are no safety or effectiveness data on initiating treatment at earlier or later stages of the disease than were studied," the new prescribing information states.

The revision comes after criticism from experts in the field -- including those who supported the drug's approval and those who didn't -- who said the original FDA-approved label, which stated that aducanumab was "," was too broad.

"We recommend that the patients treated with aducanumab have features similar to those included in the EMERGE/ENGAGE trials: early symptomatic Alzheimer's disease with evidence of brain amyloid," wrote Stephen Salloway, MD, MS, of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, and Jeffrey Cummings, MD, ScD, of University of Nevada Las Vegas, in a on Wednesday, the day before the new label was announced.

The FDA's decision to approve aducanumab in June was based on two identically designed phase III trials, EMERGE and ENGAGE, of people with early Alzheimer's disease who were amyloid positive. The drug was approved under the accelerated approval pathway based on a surrogate endpoint of reduced amyloid-beta plaque.

"At trial initiation, participants were randomized to high dose, low dose, or placebo. A dose increase from 6 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg was made for APOE4 gene carriers midway through the trial; EMERGE participants had higher doses for longer periods since the EMERGE trial began later than the ENGAGE trial and patients had more time on the 10 mg/kg dose," Salloway and Cummings wrote.

"An interim efficacy analysis showed no foreseeable drug-placebo difference, and both trials were stopped," they continued. "Blinded data continued to accrue and the final data set at week 78 demonstrated that EMERGE met its primary outcome with a 22% drug-placebo difference in slowing on the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR-SB) in the high dose group (P=0.01)." Secondary outcomes also favored aducanumab.

However, "the ENGAGE trial showed no drug-placebo difference for the primary and secondary clinical outcomes in the final data set," Salloway and Cummings noted.

'We as Neurologists Need a Strategy"

"We as neurologists need a strategy to advise our patients in this unusual situation where the drug was approved without evidence of consistent clinical benefits," observed David Knopman, MD, of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and Joel Perlmutter, MD, of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, in another on Wednesday.

"Based on the prescribing information, the sponsor shows data from only the positive trial and fails to provide the negative trial's cognitive and functional outcomes. Neurologists should have access to all of the relevant data in these clinical trials; however, they will have to go elsewhere to find it," they pointed out.

The clinical benefit of aducanumab "amounted to about 3 months' worth of delay in decline over a year (annualized Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 'sum of boxes' 0.26 rating points reduction in decline with the high-dose aducanumab in the setting of 1.17 points annualized decline in the placebo group)," Knopman and Perlmutter continued.

"Because our field has not established what constitutes clinical meaningfulness, this benefit could be perceived as having value by some patients and their families. However, this range of delay and progression is well within the untreated variability of groups of patients with mild cognitive impairment or dementia due to Alzheimer's disease," they wrote.

Neurologists also must consider aducanumab's risks since "the recommended monthly doses of aducanumab comes with safety concerns, especially in the form of amyloid related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) – edema or hemorrhage," Knopman and Perlmutter noted.

"Neurologists will have to manage therapeutic perceptions by presenting their patients and families with unbiased information about the benefits and risks," they concluded. "This is even more challenging as no peer reviewed publication has yet appeared."

Before the FDA approved aducanumab in June, its advisory committee voted overwhelmingly against the trial data presented about the drug. Since the drug's approval, some groups, including the Alzheimer's Association, have expressed support. Others have voiced doubts about the drug's effectiveness and the process leading up to its approval.

Last month, the House Committee on Oversight and Reform announced an and pricing. And in a , Senators Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) and Bill Cassidy, MD, (R-La.) called for a hearing to examine the "vexing new questions and challenges" that aducanumab's $56,000 annual price tag poses for Medicare and other health programs.

On Friday, Acting FDA Commissioner Janet Woodcock, MD, how agency staff interacted with Biogen before aducanumab was approved. "We believe an independent assessment is the best manner in which to determine whether any interactions that occurred between the manufacturer and the agency's review staff were inconsistent with FDA's policies and procedures," Woodcock tweeted.

  • Judy George covers neurology and neuroscience news for Ƶ, writing about brain aging, Alzheimer’s, dementia, MS, rare diseases, epilepsy, autism, headache, stroke, Parkinson’s, ALS, concussion, CTE, sleep, pain, and more.

Disclosures

Salloway was a site PI and co-chair of the investigator steering committee for the ENGAGE trial and he receives research support and consultancy fees from Lilly, Biogen, Avid, Eisai, Genentech, and Roche.

Cummings has provided consultation to Acadia, Alkahest, AriBio, Avanir, Axsome, Behren Therapeutics, Biogen, Cassava, Cerecin, Cerevel, Cortexyme, EIP Pharma, Eisai, GemVax, Genentech, Green Valley, Grifols, Janssen, Jazz, Karuna, Life Sciences Partners, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, reMYND, Resverlogix, Roche, Signant Health, Sunovion, Suven, United Neuroscience, and Unlearn AI pharmaceutical and assessment companies, and owns the copyright of the Neuropsychiatric Inventor.

Knopman serves on a data safety monitoring board for the DIAN study, and for a tau therapeutic for Biogen but receives no personal compensation. He is an investigator in clinical trials sponsored by Biogen, Lilly Pharmaceuticals, and the University of Southern California. He has served as a consultant for Roche, Samus Therapeutics, Third Rock, and Alzeca Biosciences but receives no personal compensation. He receives funding from the NIH.

Perlmutter has received research funding from NIH, Department of Defense, Michael J. Fox Foundation, Barnes-Jewish Hospital Foundation, American Parkinson Disease Association (APDA) Advanced Research Center at Washington University, Greater St. Louis Chapter of the APDA, Paula and Rodger Riney Fund, Jo Oertli Fund, Huntington Disease Society of America, Murphy Fund, and CHDI Foundation. He has received honoraria from CHDI, Huntington Disease Study Group, Parkinson Study Group, Beth Israel Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, and Stanford University. He is also co-director for the Dystonia Coalition, which has received the majority of its support through the NIH. Perlmutter serves as director of the Medical and Scientific Advisory Committee of the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation, chair of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Parkinson Study Group, chair of the Standards Committee of the Huntington Study Group, member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the APDA, Chair of the Scientific and Publication Committee for ENROLL-HD, and member of the Education Committee of the Huntington Study Group. He has provided medical legal consultation to Wood, Cooper and Peterson, LLC and to Simmons and Simmons LLP.

Knopman and Perlmutter were members of the Peripheral and Central Nervous System Advisory Committee of the FDA but resigned on June 7 and 9, 2021, respectively. Perlmutter participated in the advisory committee meeting on Nov. 6, 2020, but Knopman had been recused from that meeting because he was a site investigator in the aducanumab ENGAGE study.

Primary Source

Neurology

Salloway S, Cummings J "Aducanumab, amyloid lowering, and slowing of Alzheimer disease" Neurology 2021; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012451.

Secondary Source

Neurology

Knopman DS, Perlmutter JS "Prescribing aducanumab in the face of meager efficacy and real risks" Neurology 2021; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012452.